The International Commission, p. xviii
Series list, p. xix
List of plates, p. xx
List of tables, p. xxiii
List of figures, p. xxiv
List of maps, p. xxv
The contributors, p. xxvi

Preface, Sergeï L. Tikhvinsky, p. xxxi

Acknowledgements, p. xxxiii

A. Introduction: The twentieth century in world history, Georges-Henri Dumont, p. 3

B. Thematic section

1. The world at the beginning of the twentieth century – Crisis within imperialism, Charles S. Maier, p. 21

2. Stabilization, crisis and the Second World War, Charles S. Maier, p. 31

3. The end of empire and the transformations of the international system, Charles S. Maier, p. 45

4. National liberation movements and the collapse of colonialism, Nodari A. Simonia, p. 56

5. Post-colonial problems – Former colonial powers and new states, Nodari A. Simonia, p. 63

6. Responses to post-colonial problems, Nodari A. Simonia and Sophie Le Callennec, p. 67

7. New countries and world politics, Iba Der Thiam, coordinator, p. 71
Introduction, Iba Der Thiam, p. 71
7.1. Relations between industrialized and industrializing countries, Nodari A. Simonia, p. 73
7.2. Africa and the new international economic order, Edmond Kwam Kouassi, p. 81
Conclusion, Iba Der Thiam, p. 87

8. Women, Françoise Thébaud, p. 88

9. Youth, François Dubet, p. 98

10. Older generations, Tampalawela Dhammaratana, p. 103

11. People with disabilities, Seamus Hegarty, p. 107

12. Traditional science and knowledge in East Africa, Judith Mbula Bahemuka and Wellington N. Ekaya, p. 110

13. Modern science and changing notions of time, space and matter, Michel Paty, coordinator in collaboration with Michel Morange and Christian Houzel, p. 116

14. Science as a system of ideas – first half of the twentieth century, Ludmila A. Markova, p. 153

15. Science as the activity of acquiring knowledge – second half of the twentieth century, Ludmila A. Markova, p. 160

16. Medicine and public health, Jean-Charles Sournia, p. 168

17. Technology and applied sciences
17.1. Knowledge and practice, Eriabu Lugujjo, p. 191
17.2. Agriculture, Eriabu Lugujjo, p. 194
17.3. The oceans – Resources and mariculture, Eriabu Lugujjo, p. 198
17.4. Electronics, Eriabu Lugujjo, p. 206
17.5. Applied astronomy and interplanetary space exploration, Eriabu Lugujjo, p. 211
17.6. Materials, Eriabu Lugujjo, p. 219
17.7. Energy sources and applications, Eriabu Lugujjo, p. 225
17.8. Culture and communication – traditional modes and new technologies, Judith Mbula Bahemuka, p. 229

18. The social consequences of scientific and technological knowledge and practice, Dominique Ngoïe-Ngalla, p. 235

19. The disciplines of the sciences of society, Peter Wagner and Björn Wittrock, coordinators, p. 241
Introduction, Peter Wagner and Björn Wittrock, p. 241
19.1. History, Rolf Torstendahl, p. 244
19.2. Anthropology and Ethnology, Heidrun Friese, p. 254
19.3. Archaeology, Andrew Colin Renfrew, p. 260
19.4. Demographics, Tian Xueyuan, p. 264
19.5. Sociology, Peter Wagner, p. 267
19.6. Economics, Claudio Sardoni, p. 273
19.7. Legal Sciences, Nicola Lacey, p. 281
19.8. Political Science, Björn Wittrock, p. 285
19.9. Linguistics, Stephen A. Wurm, p. 291
19.10. Geography, Paul Claval, p. 295

20. Applied social science – Development and consequences, Hellmut Wollmann, p. 299

21. Philosophy, Ru Xin, coordinator in collaboration with Ye Xiushan, Teng Shouyao, Jiang Yi and Zhao Tingyang, p. 308

22. Religious traditions, Jean Lambert, p. 320

23. Ethics, Peter Singer, p. 333

24. Psychology, Hans Pols, p. 340

25. Intellectual culture, Anouar Abdel-Malek, coordinator, p. 350
Introduction, Anouar Abdel-Malek, p. 350
25.1. High cultures and dominated cultures, Gananath Obeyesekere, p. 351
25.2. Social conditioning and the ideological trend in the historical-cultural process, Geoffrey Hawthorn, p. 355
25.3. The effects of science and technology on intellectual culture and art, Oumar Dioume, p. 358
25.4. Culture and mass production – Cultural industries, Elizabeth K. Jackson and Alemseghed Kebede, p. 362
25.5. Culture and politics, Anne Legaré, p. 366
25.6. Culture, the arts and society – Individual freedom and expression, Anisuzzaman, p. 370
25.7. High culture and popular culture, Theotônio dos Santos, p. 377
25.8. Culture, national cultures, crossculturization, acculturation and inculturation, Henri Madelin, p. 381

26. Literary and artistic culture, p. 386
26.1. Literature, Marc Bensimon and Astrid Guillaume, p. 386
26.2. Nationalism and internationalism in modern art, Caroline A. Jones and John Clark, p. 408

27. Physical culture and sport, Clarisse Pereira-Palhinhas, p. 447

28. Education, Lê Thành Khôi, p. 464

29. Information and communication, Rafael Roncagliolo, coordinator, p. 491
29.1. A new international information order, José Antonio Mayobré, p. 491
29.2. The press and the mass media, Rafael Roncagliolo, p. 496
29.3.1. The world’s archives, Michel Duchein, p. 502
29.3.2. Library development, Pamela Spence Richards, p. 506
29.3.3. The development of the world’s museums, Sid Ahmed Baghli, p. 511
29.4. The information revolution – Technology, methodology and industry, Michel Cartier, p. 515
29.5. The development of international languages, David Dalby, p. 524
29.6. Human mobility, cultural interaction and Tourism, Miquel de Moragas and Carles Tudurí, p. 531
29.7. The individual and information technologies, Jörg Becker, p. 541

C. Regional Section

30. Western Europe, Pascal Ory and Dominique Pestre, p. 553

31. Eastern and Central Europe, Sergeï L. Tikhvinsky, coordinator, p. 575
Introduction, Sergeï L. Tikhvinsky, p. 575
31.1. The Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, Sergeï L. Tikhvinsky and Yuri S. Borissov, p. 579
31.2. East-Central and South-East Europe, Alexander S. Stykalin, Victor A. Khorev, František Svátek, L. Nagy, Nikolai Todorov, and A. Chojnowski, p. 591

32. North America, Claude Fohlen, p. 601

33. South and Central America and the Caribbean, Gregorio Weinberg, coordinator, p. 630
33.1. South and Central America, Gregorio Weinberg, Luis Alberto Romero and Germán Carrera Damas, p. 630
33.2. The Caribbean, Hilary McDonald Beckles, p. 653

34. West Asia and the Arab World, Anouar Abdel-Malek, coordinator, p. 661
Introduction, Anouar Abdel-Malek, p. 661
34.1. Iran (Islamic Republic of), Ali G. Dizboni, p. 663
34.2. Turkey
34.2.1. Transformations in the first half of the 20th century, Sina Akşin, p. 666
34.2.2. Developments in the second half of the 20th century, Timour Muhidine, p. 668
34.3. Afghanistan, Roland Gilles, p. 670
34.4. Syria, Iraq and Lebanon, Mahmoud O. Haddad, p. 676
34.5. Palestine and Jordan, Ali Mahafzah, p. 680
34.6. The Gulf Cooperation Council – Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Mariam Lootah, p. 684
34.7. Egypt, Anouar Abdel-Malek, p. 687
34.8. The Sudan, Saidou Kane, p. 691
34.9. The Maghreb – Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Saidou Kane, p. 694
34.10. Conclusions and orientations, Anouar Abdel-Malek, p. 697

35. Sub-Saharan Africa, Iba Der Thiam, coordinator in collaboration with J. F. Ade-Ajayi, Lameck K. H. Goma, Thierno Bah, Joseph-Roger de Benoist, Pierre Kipré, Elisée Coulibaly, Penda M’Bow, G. B. Ogunmola and Arlindo Gonçalo Chilundo, p. 700

36. South and South-East Asia, Dhruv Raina and Syed Irfan Habib, coordinators, p. 722
Introduction, Dhruv Raina and Syed Irfan Habib, p. 722
36.1. Western thought, education and science in India, Aparna Basu, p. 725
36.2. Scientific practices in India before independence, Kapil Raj, p. 731
36.3. Colonialism, nationalism and the institutionalization of science in India, Dhruv Raina and Syed Irfan Habib, p. 735
36.4. The National Movement in India and the foundations of scientific and industrial research, Dhruv Raina and Syed Irfan Habib, p. 740
36.5. The evolution of science and technology in India since independence, Vissid Siddhartha, p. 746
36.6. The development of national scientific and industrial research, p. 749
36.6.1. Science and technology in Pakistan, Faheem Hussain, p. 749
36.6.2. Science and technology in Sri Lanka, Susantha Goonatilake, p. 755
36.6.3. Science and technology in South-East Asia, Suzanne Moon, p. 759
36.7. Conclusion, Dhruv Raina and Syed Irfan Habib, p. 765

37. East Asia, Tao Wenzhao, coordinator in collaboration with Yang Tianshi, Shigeru Nakayama, Gao Zengjie, Cheng Chongde, Yao Kecheng, Shen Yilin and Bahodor Iskandorovich Iskandarov, p. 767

38. Oceania, Roy Macleod, p. 788

D. Conclusion, p. 799

39. An interdependent world: achieving peace and sustainable development through international cooperation Georges-Henri Dumont in collaboration with Sergei L. Tikhvinsky, Gregorio Weinberg and Tao Wenzhao, p. 801

Chronological table, p. 805